1. Kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub elevator ua haujlwm li cas
1.1 Tus Txheej Txheem Kev Ua Haujlwm
Covkev ruaj ntseg iav of elevatormechanism ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib txhuam-induced deceleration los ntawm kev tswj clamping quab yuam siv rau cov lus qhia. Cov cuab yeej tau nruab rau ntawm lub tsheb of elevator (thiab hauv qee qhov kev teeb tsa, ntawm tus ncej counterweight) thiab tseem nyob hauv qhov tsis muaj zog, tsis yog- koom nrog lub xeev thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm of the elevator. Kev sib koom ua ke yog tshwm sim tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov xwm txheej overspeed pom los ntawm tus tswv xeev ceev.
Thaum koom nrog, kev ruaj ntseg iav lub puab tsaig cov ntsiab lus -txawm yog cov menyuam, cov kab nrib pleb, lossis eccentric disc hom- tau tsav mus rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov ntawv qhia kev tsheb ciav hlau khiav los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv xeev txoj hlua txuas. Qhov tshwm sim ib txwm muaj zog ntawm lub puab tsaig thiab cov tsheb ciav hlau ua rau muaj kev sib txhuam quab yuam tawm tsam kev txav mus los ntawm lub tsheb. Rau cov cuab yeej kev nyab xeeb kom raug, qhov kev sib txhuam quab yuam no txaus los txo lub tsheb thauj khoom tag nrho los ntawm qhov ua kom nrawm mus rau xoom nyob rau hauv qhov kev txwv tsis pub dhau los ntawm tus qauv siv (feem ntau yog 0.2g txog 1.0g rau hom kev nce qib).
1.2 Trigger Mechanism: Governor Rope thiab Overspeed Detection
Tus tswv xeev ceev yog cov cuab yeej siv tshuab centrifugal mounted hauv chav tshuab lossis cov qauv siv nyiaj siv ua haujlwm, txuas nrog lub tsheb of elevator los ntawm kev kaw- hlua tus tswv xeev txoj hlua uas khiav tsis tu ncua thaum lub tsheb mus ncig. Raws li lub tsheb ceev nce, centrifugal quab yuam ua rau tus tswv xeev flyweights ua rau lawv pivot sab nraud. Ntawm qhov ntsuas ntsuas ceev- teem caij tsawg kawg yog 115% ntawm of the elevator's rated speed per EN 81-20 and equivalent standards-the flyweights reach a displacement threshold that trips a mechanical latch, arresting the Governor sheave and the Governor rope.
Nrog tus tswv xeev txoj hlua raug ntes thiab lub tsheb txuas ntxiv mus, txoj hlua tau muab tso rau hauv qhov nro txheeb ze rau lub tsheb ncej. Qhov nro no yog kis tau los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov cuab yeej (feem ntau yog lub pas nrig rub thiab lub caj npab caj npab) mus rau lub puab tsaig kev nyab xeeb, tsav lawv mus rau kev koom tes nrog cov lus qhia. Tag nrho cov kab ke los ntawm tus tswv xeev mus rau tag nrho kev ruaj ntseg iav kev koom tes tshwm sim nyob rau hauv milliseconds thiab yuav tsum tsis muaj hluav taws xob hwj chim los yog hluav taws xob tswj inputs - ib tug txhob txwm tsim yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev ua hauj lwm thaum lub sij hawm fais fab tuag scenarios.
1.3 Yuav ua li cas kev nyab xeeb iav koom nrog cov kev taw qhia Rails
Kev cob qhia kev tsheb ciav hlau yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv kho tshuab hauv lubkev ruaj ntseg iav of elevatorkev ua kom nquag plias. Lub puab tsaig ntawm lub puab tsaig yuav tsum ua kom zoo ib yam, sib tiv tauj nrog ob lub tsheb ciav hlau khiav ib txhij los tiv thaiv kev sib hloov tsheb lossis kev sib tsoo tsis sib xws uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov neeg caij tsheb raug mob lossis puas lub installation. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib koom tes muaj xws li:
Lub puab tsaig tiv tauj siab faib: Rau kev ruaj ntseg iav, qhov kev sib cuag yuav tsum tau muab faib thoob plaws hauv lub puab tsaig lub ntsej muag thaj tsam kom muaj kev ntxhov siab ntawm kev tsheb nqaj hlau hauv qab lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv tsheb ciav hlau (feem ntau S235 lossis S355 cov qauv hlau ib EN 10025).
Tus kheej - zog geometry: Feem ntau kev ruaj ntseg iav lub puab tsaig tsim muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tus kheej - lub zog ntawm lub kaum sab xis uas ua rau muaj zog ib txwm muaj thaum lub puab tsaig nkag mus rau hauv txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hauv qab nqes load- xyuas kom lub clamping quab yuam nce proportionally nrog lub deceleration thov ntau dua li qhov seem ruaj.
Symmetrical kev koom tes: Ob chav iav kev nyab xeeb (ib qho ntawm txhua sab ntawm lub tsheb ncej) yuav tsum sib koom ua ke. Lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ua rau lub tsheb qaij, uas yog hais los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom siv sib txuas uas txuas ob chav nyob rau ib qho kev sib dhos sib dhos.
1.4 Lub luag haujlwm ntawm qhov tsis muaj thiab qhov hauv qhov kev nyab xeeb
Covkev ruaj ntseg iav of elevatorlub kaw lus tsis ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv kev sib cais-nws yog ib lub hauv paus hauv ntau- txheej txheej kev nyab xeeb uas suav nrog tus tswv xeev ceev, hluav taws xob kev nyab xeeb circuits, lub davhlau ya nyob twg hloov pauv, thiab lub qhov tsis muaj. Lub buffer (roj hydraulic lossis polyurethane caij nplooj ntoos hlav hom) muab qhov kawg lub zog nqus theem yog tias lub tsheb nce mus txog lub qhov dej ntawm qhov txo qis tom qab kev ruaj ntseg iav. Qhov tob qhov tob yog dimensioned kom haum raws li qhov siab tshaj plaws tsis compression stroke ntxiv rau kev nyab xeeb clearances txhais los ntawm cov qauv siv, kom ntseeg tau tias txawm tias ib feem kev ruaj ntseg iav koom tes (uas tej zaum yuav tsis tag nrho ntes cov lus tsa suab ua ntej lub qhov) tsis ua rau cov qauv kev puas tsuaj los yog cov neeg caij tsheb raug mob los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog lub qhov hauv pem teb.
2. of elevator Safety Iav hom thiab kev ua haujlwm
2.1 Instantaneous Safety Iav - Tsim thiab Daim Ntawv Thov
Kev nkag siabof elevator kev nyab xeeb iav hom thiab kev ua haujlwmpib nrog hom instantaneous- qhov yooj yim ntawm ob qhov kev faib ua ntej. Ib qho instantaneouskev ruaj ntseg iav of elevatorcov cuab yeej ua tiav lub tsheb raug ntes los ntawm ib qho, tam sim ntawd clamping txiav txim uas siv tag nrho braking quab yuam rau cov kev taw qhia rails nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv mus txawv tebchaws nyob deb (feem ntau 1-3 hli ntawm lub puab tsaig hloov chaw).
Tus qauv tsim tam sim no siv lub puab tsaig khov kho cov ntsiab lus- feem ntau hardened steel eccentric discs los yog cov kab nrib pleb ruaj khov - uas ua rau cov hlau ncaj nraim - rau - hlau tiv tauj nrog cov lus qhia rail. Vim hais tias lub braking quab yuam yog siv yuav luag instantaneously yam tsis muaj kev vam meej ramping, lub deceleration ntsib los ntawm lub tsheb thiab nws cov ntsiab lus yog abrupt thiab correspondingly siab. Qhov no txwv tsis pub siv daim ntawv thov kev nyab xeeb tam sim ntawd rau qis - lub elevator ceev qhov twg lub zog kinetic ntawm qhov ua kom nrawm qis txaus uas qhov kev nrawm nrawm tsis tsim kev raug mob rau cov neeg caij tsheb lossis kev pheej hmoo ntau dhau ntawm lub tsheb.
Siv tau ceev ntau yam: ntsuas tsheb ceev txog 0.63 m/s ib EN 81-20, thiab mus txog 1.0 m/s rau cov menyuam-hom instantaneous li nrog cov kev cai tsim tshwj xeeb.
2.2 Progressive Safety Gear for Elevator Systems - Tsim thiab Daim Ntawv Thov
Progressive kev nyab xeeb iav rau elevator systemshais txog kev txo qis kev txwv ntawm cov qauv tsim tam sim ntawd los ntawm kev koom nrog kev tswj hwm - quab yuam caij nplooj ntoos hlav lossis elastomeric damping lub caij nruab nrab ntawm qhov sib txuas thiab lub puab tsaig. Qhov kev ua raws li qhov nruab nrab no tso cai rau lub puab tsaig sib koom tes-thiab yog li ntawd lub tsheb deceleration- los txhim kho kev vam meej dhau qhov kev ncua deb uas tsis yog tam sim ntawd.
Covkev ruaj ntseg iav rau elevator systemstswj lub tsheb deceleration nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau npaum li cas (0.2g rau 1.0g ib EN 81-20 Annex D) nyob rau hauv lub braking tshwm sim, tsis hais txog ntawm variations ntawm lub tsheb thauj khoom, ceev ntawm trigger, los yog qhia rail deg mob nyob rau hauv lub specifications. Qhov no tswj deceleration profile tiv thaiv cov neeg caij tsheb los ntawm kev raug mob, tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem overload ntawm lub tsheb ncej, thiab yog yuav tsum tau rau tag nrho cov elevator installation nrog ntsuas speeds saum toj no 1.0 m / s.
Cov qauv tsim tseem ceeb ntawm kev ruaj ntseg iav muaj xws li:
Caij nplooj ntoos hlav pob: Calibrated compression caij nplooj ntoos hlav stacks (feem ntau disc caij nplooj ntoos hlav / Belleville washer sib dhos) uas txhais lub siab tshaj plaws thiab yam tsawg kawg nkaus lub puab tsaig engagement quab yuam ywj siab ntawm kev ceev ceev.
Roller los yog wedge puab puab tsaig: Hardened steel rollers los yog precision-machined wedge blocks uas txhais lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav quab yuam rau hauv kev tswj rail clamping siab.
Adjustable caij nplooj ntoos hlav preload: Cov qauv tsim tshwj xeeb tso cai rau lub Hoobkas- teeb tsa lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav preload hloov kho kom zoo dua qhov kev ua haujlwm qeeb rau cov tsheb tshwj xeeb thiab kev sib txuas ceev hauv ib thaj tsam.
Ob sab symmetry: Ob leeg lub puab tsaig sab laug thiab sab xis yog sib txuas ua ke los xyuas kom meej ib txhij, sib npaug ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob qho tib si taw qhia.
2.3 Instantaneous vs Progressive of Elevator Safety Iav - Tag nrho kev sib piv
Qhov kev xaiv ntawminstantaneous vs progressive of elevator kev nyab xeeb iavyog txiav txim siab feem ntau los ntawm of the elevator's rated speed and the deceleration limits available for the particular application. Thaum cov khoom siv tam sim no muab kev yooj yim thiab tus nqi qis, lawv daim ntawv thov raug txwv nruj los ntawm cov qauv kev nyab xeeb rau qis - kev teeb tsa ceev. Kev sib piv hauv qab no suav nrog tag nrho cov khoom siv engineering thiab kev lag luam loj:
| Parameter | Instantaneous Safety Iav | Progressive Safety Iav |
|---|---|---|
| Siv tau ntsuas ceev | Mus txog 0.63 m / s (txog 1.0 m / s rau cov menyuam hom) | Tag nrho cov ceev tshaj 1.0 m / s; kuj siv nyob rau hauv qis speeds |
| Deceleration profile | Abrupt - siab heev deceleration | Tswj tau - 0.2g rau 1.0g thoob plaws hauv kev nres |
| Nres deb | luv heev (1-5 hli lub puab tsaig mus ncig) | Ntev (qhov sib npaug rau qhov nrawm thiab lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ua raws) |
| Cov neeg caij tsheb raug mob ntawm kev koom tes | Siab dua (abrupt deceleration shock) | Lower (tswj deceleration nyob rau hauv kev nplij siab txwv) |
| Qhia rail hnav ntawm kev koom tes | Siab dua (concentrated contact stress) | Lower (kev sib cuag tau ntev dua txoj kev koom tes) |
| Mechanical complexity | Tsawg | Nruab nrab-High (lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav pob, precision puab tsaig geometry) |
| Chav tsev nqi | qis | Siab dua |
| Rov pib dua tom qab kev koom tes | Phau ntawv rov pib dua los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij | Phau ntawv rov pib dua los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij |
| Tej kev siv | Cov khoom nqa khoom, qis- nce tsev nyob, nqa kev pabcuam qeeb | Cov neeg nrog caij elevator, siab-nce, siab- kev teeb tsa ceev |
| EN 81-20 Kev ua raws cai hauv paus | Nqe 5.6.2.1 (instantaneous) | Clause 5.6.2.2 (progressive with damped effect) |
2.4 Roller Type vs Wedge Type - Qhov txawv ntawm cov qauv
Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si instantaneous thiab nce qib, lub puab tsaig caij geometry ntxiv sib txawvkev ruaj ntseg iav of elevatortsim. Ob lub puab tsaig tseem ceeb ntawm lub puab tsaig yog cov menyuam hom thiab lub ntsej muag, txhua tus muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv thiab kev ua haujlwm sib txawv:
| Feature | Roller Hom | Hom kab |
|---|---|---|
| Hu rau geometry | Cylindrical roller - kab kev sib cuag ntawm kev tsheb ciav hlau | Pav ca los yog profiled wedge ntsej muag - cheeb tsam kev sib cuag ntawm tsheb ciav hlau |
| Tus kheej -energizing mechanism | Roller yob nce inclined ramp nyob rau hauv load | Wedge txhais cov vaj tsev nyob hauv qab load |
| Rail nto kev nyuaj siab | Siab dua (concentrated line contact) | Lower (kev sib cuag cheeb tsam) |
| Rail puas thaum koom nrog | Cov qhab nia nyob ntawm qhov chaw tsheb ciav hlau | Tswj saum npoo burnishing tshaj kev koom tes ntev |
| rhiab heev rau rail kis kab mob | Siab dua (roj / roj txo cov menyuam kev sib txhuam) | Nruab nrab (ntsuab ntsej muag tuav qee qhov tuav thaum lubricated) |
| Hom ceev ntau yam | Txog li 1.0 m / s (instantaneous) lossis siab dua (progressive) | 0.63 m/s (instantaneous) to >10m / s (kuj) |
3. Cov Cheebtsam tseem ceeb ntawm lub elevator Safety System
3.1 Ceev Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws thiab Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Rope
Tus tswv xeev ceev yog qhov kev nkag siab thiab ua rau lub ntsiab ntawm lubkev ruaj ntseg iav of elevatorqhov system. Nws yuav tsum yog hom- kuaj thiab ntawv pov thawj raws li kev sib dhos ua tiav nrog cov iav kev nyab xeeb nws yog tsim los ua kom muaj zog, txij li tus tswv xeev mus ncig ceev thiab cov hlua nro cov yam ntxwv yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev ruaj ntseg iav qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm tus tswv xeev muaj xws li:
Teem caij ceev: Teem tsawg kawg ntawm 115% ntawm kev ntsuas tsheb ceev (EN 81-20 Clause 5.6.1.2). Rau qhov ntsuas nrawm tshaj 1.0 m / s, qhov siab tshaj plaws kev tso cai mus txawv tebchaws yog txhais los ntawm cov qauv raws li kev ntsuas nrawm, ua kom tus tswv xeev tsis mus nrawm nrawm uas cov iav kev nyab xeeb nres qhov deb tshaj qhov muaj thiab cov nyiaj siv ua haujlwm tshem tawm.
Governor hlua txoj kab uas hla thiab cov khoom: Feem ntau 6-10 hli txoj kab uas hla steel hlau hlua, xaiv los muab lub zog tensile txaus rau kev ruaj ntseg iav actuation quab yuam thaum tswj qhov yooj uas yuav tsum tau rau tus tswv xeev sheave qhwv lub kaum sab xis. Yam tsawg kawg nkaus quab yuam yuav tsum tshaj qhov siab tshaj plaws actuation quab yuam los ntawm ib qho ntawm 8 rau EN 81-20.
Governor hlua tension device: Lub tensioning hnyav los yog caij nplooj ntoos hlav- loaded sheave nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw tuav tswj txoj hlua nruj nreem nyob rau hauv lub installation txoj kev ua hauj lwm lub neej, them nyiaj rau txoj hlua stretch thiab tiv thaiv kev tsis ncaj ncees lawm mus ncig teb chaws los yog tsis muaj kev koom tes vim txoj hlua slack.
3.2 Kev ruaj ntseg iav vaj tsev thiab lub puab tsaig sib dhos
Kev ruaj ntseg iav vaj tse yog ib tug precision-machined structural casting (feem ntau yog cov hlau ductile los yog fabricated steel) uas muab lub geometric moj khaum nyob rau hauv uas lub puab tsaig ntsiab mus thaum lub sij hawm kev koom tes. Kev ua siab ntev hauv vaj tse yog qhov tseem ceeb: qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm lub puab tsaig thiab cov lus qhia kev tsheb ciav hlau hauv lub xeev passive (tsis yog -) koom nrog) yuav tsum tau tswj kom meej (feem ntau 2-4 hli ib sab) kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev sib koom ua ke tsis muaj kev sib cuag tsis raug thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj.
Cov khoom sib dhos lub puab tsaig raug coj mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab kev ntxhov siab thaum koom nrog yog:
Lub puab tsaig cov ntsiab lus (rollers los yog wedges): Ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv- hardened alloy steel (feem ntau 20CrMnTi los yog sib npaug) nrog rau saum npoo hardness ntawm 58-62 HRC ntawm kev sib cuag lub ntsej muag. Yuav tsum tau hloov tom qab ib qho kev sib koom ua ke thiab tshuaj xyuas kom pom qhov sib haum ua ntej reinstallation.
Lub puab tsaig taw qhia qhov chaw (tsev ramp lossis taper): Qhov chaw inclined nyob rau hauv lub vaj tse uas txhais lub puab tsaig caij ntsug txav mus rau kab rov tav clamping quab yuam. Nto tiav thiab hardness ntawm cov ramp nto ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau kev sib koom tes quab yuam thiab rov ua dua.
Rov qab springs: Compression springs uas xa rov qab lub puab tsaig ntawm lub puab tsaig mus rau txoj hauj lwm passive tom qab qhov kev ruaj ntseg iav rov pib dua. Caij nplooj ntoos hlav qaug zog los yog poob ntawm preload dhau lub sij hawm tuaj yeem ua rau rov pib dua tsis tiav, tawm hauv qhov seem ntawm kev sib cuag nrog cov tsheb ciav hlau thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj.
3.3 Qhia Rail Specification Requirements
Cov kev taw qhia rail yog cov qauv tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tuskev ruaj ntseg iav of elevatorsiv nws lub zog nres. Rail specification yuav tsum tau sib phim rau hom kev ruaj ntseg iav thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws zoo li qub quab yuam cov iav kev nyab xeeb yuav siv rau txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau thaum muaj kev sib koom ua ke. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsheb ciav hlau muaj xws li:
Rail profile: T-section guide rails per EN 10056 los yog sib npaug, nrog flange dav thiab lub web thickness xaiv los tiv thaiv kev ruaj ntseg iav clamping quab yuam yam tsis muaj yielding. Txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau khiav (flange lub ntsej muag) yuav tsum tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv flatness thiab nto roughness tolerances teev los ntawm cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus kev nyab xeeb iav.
Rail khoom qib: S235 steel (yam tsawg kawg nkaus) rau cov qauv kev teeb tsa; S355 rau siab-ceev lossis siab-load daim ntawv thov uas muaj kev ruaj ntseg iav koom nrog ntau dua. Rail cov ntaub ntawv tawm los lub zog ncaj qha txwv qhov siab tshaj plaws clamping quab yuam cov iav kev nyab xeeb tuaj yeem siv tsis tas yuav deforming lub tsheb ciav hlau.
Rail sib koom ua ke thiab kho: Rail sib koom qhov khoob yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 0.5 hli (EN 81-20) txhawm rau tiv thaiv lub puab tsaig ntawm lub puab tsaig ntawm qhov chaw sib koom ua ke thaum sib koom ua ke. Rail fixing bracket spacing thiab bracket stiffness yuav tsum txaus los tiv thaiv lub lateral quab yuam siv los ntawm kev ruaj ntseg iav yam tsis muaj kev tsheb ciav hlau deflection uas yuav txo tau lub zog clamping zoo.
3.4 Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog of the elevator Control System
Thaum lubkev ruaj ntseg iav of elevatormechanism yog tag nrho cov neeg kho tshuab nyob rau hauv nws actuation thiab braking muaj nuj nqi, nws interfaces nrog lub elevator lub hluav taws xob tswj system los ntawm kev ruaj ntseg Circuit Court tiv tauj uas ntes kev koom tes. Kev hloov pauv kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev sib koom tes (feem ntau yog ib txwm muaj -kaw kev sib cuag hauv lub elevator kev nyab xeeb Circuit Court) qhib thaum lub iav kev nyab xeeb qhib, txiav lub zog rau lub tshuab tsav thiab nres thiab tiv thaiv lub elevator los ntawm kev sim rov ua haujlwm kom txog thaum lub iav kev nyab xeeb tau raug kho manually thiab rov qab los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij. Qhov kev cuam tshuam hluav taws xob no txwv tsis pub tsav lub cev muaj zog los ntawm kev sim tsav tawm tsam cov iav kev nyab xeeb-ib qho xwm txheej uas tuaj yeem ua rau ob qho tib si kev nyab xeeb iav thiab cov lus qhia.
4. Daim Ntawv Teev Npe Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb of Elevator
4.1 Ua ntej-Kev Npaj Tshuaj Ntsuam Xyuas
Ib tug qauvkev ruaj ntseg iav of elevator tshuaj xyuas daim ntawv teev npepib nrog ua ntej - kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas kom paub tseeb tias qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tuaj yeem ua tau zoo thiab ua tiav. Cov kauj ruam npaj yuav tsum muaj xws li:
Muab lub elevator tawm ntawm qhov kev pabcuam thiab ruaj ntseg nrog "Nyob hauv Kev Kho" kos npe ntawm txhua lub qhov rooj tsaws.
Cais lub ntsiab fais fab mov thiab siv lockout / tagout (LOTO) raws li txoj kev nyab xeeb ntawm qhov chaw.
Tshuaj xyuas lub elevator cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev teeb tsa: thawj cov duab kos duab, hom iav kev nyab xeeb- daim ntawv pov thawj, cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj xyuas yav dhau los, thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo.
Paub meej tias pawg neeg soj ntsuam suav nrog tsawg kawg yog ib tus kws tshaj lij of the elevator uas tsim nyog nrog cov ntaub ntawv muaj peev xwm hauv kev tshuaj xyuas cov iav kev nyab xeeb raws li lub teb chaws tus qauv siv.
Npaj cov cuab yeej tshuaj xyuas: ntsuas lub zog torque, ntsuas ntsuas qhov ntsuas (0.05-5 hli), qhov sib piv ntawm qhov roughness, digital vernier caliper, tsom iav thiab teeb pom kev zoo, thiab kev nyab xeeb iav chaw tsim khoom phau ntawv tu.
4.2 Visual Inspection Points
Qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas theem ntawm covkev ruaj ntseg iav of elevator tshuaj xyuas daim ntawv teev npesuav nrog cov kev txheeb xyuas hauv qab no:
Kev ntseeg vaj tse: Tshawb xyuas cov kab nrib pleb, corrosion, lossis cuam tshuam kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov iav kev ruaj ntseg vaj tse casting. Txhua qhov tawg hauv qhov kev nyab xeeb- qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov cam khwb cia yuav tsum tau hloov tam sim ntawd - tawg tsis tuaj yeem welded lossis kho.
Lub puab tsaig element condition: Tshawb xyuas cov menyuam los yog lub puab tsaig lub puab tsaig rau saum npoo hnav, pitting, sib tw, lossis cov chaw tiaj tus. Sib piv ntsuas lub puab tsaig qhov ntev tiv thaiv cov chaw tsim khoom hnav txwv lub rooj. Hloov yog tias hnav tshaj qhov pib.
Rail khiav qhov chaw: Tshawb xyuas cov ntawv qhia kev tsheb ciav hlau flange lub ntsej muag nyob rau hauv thaj chaw kev nyab xeeb iav kev sib koom ua ke rau kev sib tw, corrosion pitting, lossis deformation los ntawm kev koom tes yav dhau los. Rail nto roughness yuav tsum nyob rau hauv cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus qhov chaw (feem ntau Ra 1.6-6.3 µm).
Passive clearance ntsuas: Siv cov ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas los ntsuas qhov tshem tawm ntawm txhua lub puab tsaig thiab lub ntsej muag rail flange nrog cov iav kev nyab xeeb nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm passive. Muab piv rau cov specification (feem ntau 2-4 mm). Clearance sab nraum qhov no yuav tsum tau kho.
Linkage thiab rub rod condition: Tshawb xyuas txoj hlua khi ntawm tus tswv xeev, rub pas nrig, caj npab, thiab synchronization pas nrig rau corrosion, hnav ntawm cov pins pivot, elongated pin qhov, thiab ploj los yog puas ntsoog pins lossis circlips.
Rov qab lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav: Txheeb xyuas cov springs rau corrosion, pom kev qaug zog tawg, thiab sib piv dawb ntev tiv thaiv cov chaw tsim khoom tshwj xeeb. Springs ntawm lossis qis dua qhov ntev pub dawb yuav tsum tau hloov.
Lubrication: Paub meej tias cov ntsiab lus lubrication raug lubricated raws li cov chaw tsim khoom tshwj xeeb. Nco ntsoov tias txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau khiav hauv cheeb tsam kev nyab xeeb iav yuav tsum tsis txhob lubricated - cov roj paug ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hauv cheeb tsam no txo qis kev sib txhuam coefficient thiab tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tag nrho cov iav kev nyab xeeb.
4.3 Cov txheej txheem xeem ua haujlwm
Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ua haujlwm kom paub tseeb tias qhovkev ruaj ntseg iav of elevatorkoom nrog raug raws li kev tswj xyuas. Qhov kev sim no yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau lub sijhawm uas tau teev tseg los ntawm tus qauv siv tau thiab thaum twg cov iav kev nyab xeeb tau raug cuam tshuam los yog hloov pauv:
Tsis muaj -load drop test: Nrog lub tsheb thauj khoom, manually mus rau tus tswv xeev (lossis siv cov cuab yeej mus ncig yog tias muaj) ntawm qhov qis tshaj plaws muaj tsheb ceev. Paub meej tias ob qho tib si kev ruaj ntseg iav koom ua ke ib txhij, kev nyab xeeb Circuit Court qhib, thiab lub tsheb nres yam tsis muaj kev sib hloov lossis cuam tshuam tsis zoo.
Rated load poob test: Nrog lub tsheb thauj khoom mus rau qhov ntsuas muaj peev xwm, ua qhov kev tswj xyuas kev sib tw overspeed raws li tus qauv siv. Rau kev ruaj ntseg iav, ntsuas qhov kev ncua deb thiab xam qhov nruab nrab deceleration. Paub meej tias qhov deceleration ntog nyob rau hauv qhov kev teev tseg (0.2g-1.0g ib EN 81-20 Annex D).
Kev sib koom tes symmetry check: Tom qab txhua qhov kev sim poob, tshuaj xyuas ob qho tib si kev taw qhia hauv thaj chaw sib koom ua ke kom pom cov qhab nia sib luag lossis cov qhab nia hlawv. Cov cim asymmetric qhia txog qhov sib npaug ntawm lub puab tsaig, yuav tsum tau hloov kho kev sib txuas.
Rov qab xyuas qhov tseeb: Tom qab qhov kev sim poob, rov pib dua lub iav kev nyab xeeb raws li tus neeg tsim khoom cov txheej txheem, rov qab kho tus tswv xeev, thiab paub meej tias qhov kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub voj voog kaw kom raug. Khiav lub elevator unloaded los ntawm tag nrho cov mus txawv tebchaws thiab paub meej tias tsis muaj suab nrov txawv txav, kev co, los yog tswj system faults.
4.4 Cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev ua raws li cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg
Txhua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tau tawm tsam covkev ruaj ntseg iav of elevator tshuaj xyuas daim ntawv teev npeyuav tsum tau ua kom tiav cov ntaub ntawv kom ua tau raws li cov cai tswj hwm thiab muab cov kev tshawb xyuas txoj kev xav tau rau kev tuav pov hwm thiab lav lub hom phiaj:
Sau hnub tim, tus neeg kuaj xyuas tus kheej, thiab kev tsim nyog siv rau txhua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas.
Cov ntaub ntawv tag nrho cov ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb (lub puab tsaig clearances, lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav pub dawb lengths, tso tseg kev sim nres deb, deceleration qhov tseem ceeb) nrog pass / tsis raws li txoj cai tiv thaiv specification txwv.
Sau tag nrho cov khoom hloov pauv, suav nrog cov lej ntu, tus lej batch, thiab cov ntaub ntawv xa khoom.
Tshaj tawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom tsis txaus rau ib qho uas tsis yog - raws li tau txheeb xyuas, nrog rau lub sijhawm kho kom raug thiab lub luag haujlwm.
Khaws tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj xyuas rau lub sijhawm tsawg kawg uas tau teev tseg los ntawm txoj cai tswjfwm hauv tebchaws (feem ntau yog 5-10 xyoo).
5. of elevator Safety Iav tu thiab kuaj
5.1 Lub Sijhawm Saib Xyuas Txhua Hnub
Siv tauof elevator kev nyab xeeb iav tu thiab kuajyuav tsum muaj cov txheej txheem, zaus-raws li kev saib xyuas raws li cov qauv siv hauv lub tebchaws thiab cov chaw tsim khoom siv cov iav kev nyab xeeb cov lus pom zoo. Lub sij hawm tu ib txwm yog:
| Ntau zaus | Kev Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm | Standard Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Txhua hli | Kev kuaj pom ntawm tus tswv xeev txoj kab mob thiab nro; kev nyab xeeb circuit tiv tauj kev kuaj xyuas | EN 81-20 Clause 16.2; wb 7588 |
| Peb lub hlis twg | Kev soj ntsuam pom tag nrho rau ib daim ntawv teev npe; passive clearance ntsuas; kev sib txuas lubrication | Chaw tsim tshuaj paus txij nkawm phau ntawv |
| Txhua xyoo | Ua kom tiav daim ntawv tshuaj ntsuam xyuas; tus tswv xeev mus ncig xyuas ceev; tsis muaj -load drop test | EN 81-20 Clause 16.2; ASME A17.1 Txoj Cai 8.6 |
| Txhua 5 xyoos | Tag nrho rated load poob xeem; Lub puab tsaig lub hauv paus ntsuas qhov ntev thiab hloov pauv yog tias hnav txwv; caij nplooj ntoos hlav hloov | EN 81-20 Annex D; National regulatory txoj cai yuav tsum tau |
| Tom qab ib qho kev sib koom ua ke | Ua kom tiav disassembly tshuaj xyuas; hloov lub puab tsaig element; kev ntsuas kev puas tsuaj; poob xeem ua ntej rov qab mus rau qhov kev pabcuam | Yuav tsum tau - tag nrho cov qauv |
5.2 Hnav cov ntsuas thiab hloov qhov pib
Kev hloov cov khoom tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv raws li ntsuas qhov ntsuas ntsuas - dua li kev hloov pauv tom qab tsis ua haujlwm - yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua tau zooof elevator kev nyab xeeb iav tu thiab kuajcov kev pab cuam. Cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev hnav thiab lawv qhov kev hloov pauv yog:
Lub puab tsaig Element tiv thaiv ntsej muag: Ntsuas lub puab tsaig lub puab tsaig hu rau lub ntsej muag tuab lossis cov menyuam txoj kab uas hla tawm tsam cov chaw tsim khoom tshiab - qhov loj me. Hloov pauv thaum hnav mus txog 10–15% ntawm qhov tshiab - qhov ntev, lossis raws li tau teev tseg hauv cov chaw tsim khoom hnav lub rooj txwv.
Housing ramp nto hnav: Tshawb xyuas qhov chaw inclined ramp nyob rau hauv lub vaj tse kom tau qhab nia los yog pitting. Yog hais tias ramp nto roughness tshaj Ra 3.2 µm los yog pom cov qhab nia qhov tob tshaj 0.3 mm, lub vaj tse yuav tsum tau hloov -ramp deg reconditioning nyob rau hauv lub teb tsis yog ib qho kev kho.
Rov qab caij nplooj ntoos hlav dawb ntev: Ntsuas qhov ntev ntev tiv thaiv qhov nominal specification. Hloov cov springs thaum dawb ntev tau txo los ntawm ntau tshaj 5% ntawm nominal, qhia tias qaug zog -induced teeb.
Rub tus pas nrig thiab pivot tus pin hnav: Ntsuas tus pin taub thiab tus pin qhov bore. Hloov thaum lub diametric clearance (pin- rau- qhov) tshaj 0.5 mm, uas qhia tau hais tias hnav uas yuav ua rau ncua sij hawm los yog asymmetric engagement sij hawm.
Governor hlua txoj kab uas hla txo: Hloov txoj hlua ntawm tus tswv xeev thaum ntsuas txoj kab uas hla tau txo los ntawm ntau tshaj 10% ntawm nominal txoj kab uas hla vim hlau hnav lossis corrosion.
5.3 Ib xyoos ib zaug Load Test Requirement
Kev xeem poob txhua xyoo yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawmof elevator kev nyab xeeb iav tu thiab kuajnyob rau hauv feem ntau txoj cai lij choj. Qhov kev xeem yuav tsum tau ua tim khawv los ntawm ib tus kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas uas tsim nyog thiab sau nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntsuas. Kev xeem raws tu qauv raws li EN 81-20 Annex D suav nrog:
Lub tsheb thauj khoom mus rau qhov muaj peev xwm (100% ntawm cov khoom ntsuas).
Lub tsheb taug kev mus rau hauv qab ntawm qhov ntsuas ceev thaum tus tswv xeev raug tripped (los yog lub tsheb taug kev ntawm tus tswv xeev mus ncig ceev rau kev xeem dhau kev simulation).
Deceleration ntsuas los ntawm accelerometer los yog xam los ntawm kev ncua deb thiab nkag ceev. Yuav tsum poob hauv 0.2g-1.0g rau kev ruaj ntseg iav.
Ob txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tau tshuaj xyuas tom qab-kev sim rau cov pov thawj kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev puas tsuaj.
Kev nyab xeeb iav rov pib dua, poob sim dua qhov tsawg kawg ib zaug ntxiv kom paub meej tias kev ua tau zoo ib yam.
5.4 Hom Kev Ua Tsis Taus Feem ntau thiab Kev Kho Kom Zoo
| Hom kev ua tsis tiav | Keeb kwm | Txoj Cai Kho |
|---|---|---|
| Tsis koom nrog tus tswv xeev mus ncig | Ntau dhau passive clearance; linkage qaug dab peg; Governor hlua slack | Kho passive clearance; tshuaj xyuas thiab lubricate kev sib txuas; kho tus tswv xeev txoj hlua nro ntaus ntawv |
| Asymmetric kev koom tes (tsheb qaij) | Tsis sib xws passive clearance; hnav synchronization pas nrig pivot pins | Re- kho ob chav nyob kom sib npaug sib npaug; hloov cov pins pivot hnav |
| Deceleration tshaj 1.0g (progressive type) | Caij nplooj ntoos hlav preload teem siab dhau lawm; lub puab tsaig geometry hnav dhau qhov txwv | Re- teeb lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav preload rau cov chaw tsim khoom tshwj xeeb; hloov lub puab tsaig ntsiab |
| Deceleration hauv qab 0.2g (progressive type) | Caij nplooj ntoos hlav preload teem tsawg dhau; roj paug ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau thiab lub puab tsaig sab nraud | Re-set caij nplooj ntoos hlav preload; degrease kev tsheb ciav hlau thiab lub puab tsaig tiv thaiv qhov chaw; txheeb xyuas qhov chaw lubrication |
| Kev nyab xeeb Circuit Court tsis qhib rau kev koom tes | Kev sib koom tes hloov misaligned lossis ua tsis tiav; kab teeb meem | Realign lossis hloov kev sib koom tes; tshuaj xyuas cov kab txuas txuas ntxiv |
| Reset tsis tiav tom qab kev koom tes | Rov qab caij nplooj ntoos hlav qaug zog; Lub puab tsaig lub puab tsaig deformed tom qab kev koom tes | Hloov rov qab springs; tshuaj xyuas thiab hloov lub puab tsaig ntawm lub puab tsaig yog tias deformed |
6. Cov qauv kev cai thiab ntawv pov thawj
6.1 EN 81-20/50 (Tebchaws Europe)
TS EN 81-20 (Txoj cai kev nyab xeeb rau kev tsim kho thiab kev teeb tsa nqa nqa - Cov nqa nqa rau kev thauj neeg thiab khoom) yog thawj European tus qauv tswj hwmkev ruaj ntseg iav of elevatortsim, kuaj, thiab installation. Xyoo 2014 (nrog cov kev hloov kho tom ntej) tau hloov pauv cov qauv EN 81-1 thiab EN 81-2 ua ntej. TS EN 81-20 Cov kev cai rau kev nyab xeeb iav suav nrog:
Nqe 5.6: Ua kom tiav kev ruaj ntseg iav qhov yuav tsum tau muaj xws li tus tswv xeev mus ncig ceev txwv, nres kev xam qhov deb, thiab kev txwv qis.
Annex D: Hom txheej txheem xeem rau kev ruaj ntseg iav, txhais cov kev xeem load, ceev ntau yam, deceleration ntsuas txoj kev, thiab kev lees txais.
TS EN 81-50 (tus qauv ntsuas tus khub): txhais cov txheej txheem kuaj rau tus kheej cov khoom tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb suav nrog cov iav kev nyab xeeb, cov thawj coj, thiab cov buffers. Tag nrhokev ruaj ntseg iav of elevatorCheebtsam ntsia nyob rau hauv European lag luam yuav tsum tuav ib tug siv tau EN 81-50 hom ntawv pov thawj los ntawm lub cev ceeb toom.
6.2 GB 7588 (Tuam Tshoj)
GB 7588 yog Tuam Tshoj tus qauv hauv lub tebchaws rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub elevator, feem ntau sib haum xeeb nrog EN 81-1/2 (thiab nce zuj zus nrog EN 81-20/50 los ntawm kev kho dua tshiab). Daim ntawv tam sim no, GB 7588-2003 nrog Hloov Kho 1 (2015), qhia meejkev ruaj ntseg iav of elevatorcov kev xav tau zoo sib npaug rau cov txheej txheem European. Cov khoom xa tuaj rau Suav teb hauv kev lag luam yuav tsum tau CCC (Tuam Tshoj Compulsory Certification) nyob rau hauv lub elevator khoom certification scheme tswj los ntawm CNCA (Certification thiab Accreditation Administration ntawm Tuam Tshoj). Cov iav kev nyab xeeb yog qhov yuav tsum tau CCC- cov khoom pov thawj.
6.3 ASME A17.1 (North America)
ASME A17.1 (Kev Nyab Xeeb Code rau of elevators thiab Escalators) tswj hwm kev txhim kho of the elevator hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab Canada. A17.1 lub moj khaum raukev ruaj ntseg iav of elevatorCov kev cai tsim qauv txawv ntawm European EN 81 txoj hauv kev tab sis ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig kev nyab xeeb sib npaug. Cov kev cai tseem ceeb suav nrog Txoj Cai 2.17 (cov khoom siv kev nyab xeeb hauv tsheb) thiab Txoj Cai 8.6 (qhov yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas lub sijhawm), uas tswj hwm txhua xyoo tsis muaj- kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb thauj khoom thiab tsib- xyoo puv - cov kev ntsuas thauj khoom nrog ntsuas kev ncua deb rau kev ruaj ntseg iav. Txhua yam kev nyab xeeb yuav tsum tau teev los yog pom zoo los ntawm lub chaw soj ntsuam kev lees paub hauv tebchaws (NRTL) xws li UL, CSA, lossis ETL.
