1. Speed Governor (Overspeed Governor)
1.1 Txoj Cai Ua Haujlwm
Tus tswv xeev ceev yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub elevator kev ruaj ntseg system. Nws tsis tu ncua saib xyuas lub tsheb ceev los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab: ib txoj hlua ntawm tus tswv xeev hla ib ncig ntawm lub sheave nyob rau hauv tus tswv tsev (feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub tshuab chav tsev los yog ncej overhead) thiab yog nyob rau ntawm lub tsheb kev ruaj ntseg iav. Thaum lub tsheb txav mus, tus tswv xeev txoj hlua rotates tus tswv xeev sheave ntawm ib tug ceev proportional rau lub tsheb ceev.
Nyob rau hauv tus tswv xeev, ib tug centrifugal mechanism saib xyuas sheave ceev. Thaum lub tsheb ceev tshaj qhov predetermined tripping tshaj tawm - feem ntau 115% ntawm rated ceev rau upward overspeed thiab 115-140% rau downward overspeed nyob ntawm cov cai yuav tsum - centrifugal flyweights los yog ib tug cam mechanism actuates ib tug hloov thiab mechanically grips tus tswv xeev txoj hlua. Qhov kev ua no ib txhij:
Txiav lub zog rau lub cev muaj zog thiab nres los ntawm kev hloov hluav taws xob kev nyab xeeb
Grips tus tswv xeev txoj hlua, tsim kom nruj uas rub cov iav kev ruaj ntseg ua kom txuas
1.2 Hom Kev Tswj Ceev
| Hom tswv xeev | Tripping Mechanism | Ceev Range | Daim ntawv thov |
|---|---|---|---|
| Centrifugal (Flyweight) | Caij nplooj ntoos hlav- tawm tsam flyweights | 0.5 – 4.0 m/s | Standard neeg nrog caij thiab freight |
| Centrifugal (Cam) | Cam profile + roller | 0.3 – 2.5 m/s | Tsawg- nrawm, nqi-sensitive |
| Hluav taws xob | Encoder + processor | 0.5 – 10+ m/s | High-ceev, MRL elevors |
Cov thawj coj hauv hluav taws xob tau nce ntau hauv kev siab - nrawm thiab MRL kev teeb tsa. Lawv siv ib tug ncej encoder ntawm tus tswv xeev sheave thiab ib tug tshwj xeeb processor los laij cov tshaj tawm thiab acceleration. Qhov kom zoo dua yog qhov tseeb calibration thiab muaj peev xwm los saib xyuas jerk (tus nqi ntawm acceleration hloov), uas mechanical Governors tsis pom. Txawm li cas los xij, cov thawj coj hauv hluav taws xob xav tau cov txheej txheem rov ua kom tau raws li qib kev ruaj ntseg (SIL) cov cai.
1.3 Calibration thiab Test
Tus tswv xeev ceev tripping ceev yuav tsum raug txheeb xyuas thaum pib kev teeb tsa thiab nyob rau lub sijhawm tsis tu ncua. EN 81-20 xav kom tus tswv xeev kuaj xyuas yam tsawg kawg txhua 12 lub hlis rau cov neeg caij elevator thiab txhua 6 lub hlis rau cov nqa nqa nqa nrog lub voj voog hnyav. Qhov kev sim no suav nrog kev hloov tus tswv xeev sheave ntawm maj mam nce nrawm thaum ntsuas qhov tseeb qhov taw qhia. Tripping ceev kam rau ua yog feem ntau ± 3% ntawm qhov ntsuas tripping ceev.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb:Tus tswv xeev txoj hlua yog ib qho kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov hlua tseem ceeb. Nws yuav tsum raug tshuaj xyuas rau kev hnav, corrosion, thiab nruj nruj ntawm txhua qhov kev saib xyuas. Kev hloov txoj hlua feem ntau yuav tsum tau tom qab 5-7 xyoo lossis thaum txoj kab uas hla txo qis dua 5%.
2. Kev nyab xeeb iav
2.1 Txoj Cai Ua Haujlwm
Cov iav kev nyab xeeb yog cov khoom siv braking uas lub cev ntes lub tsheb yog tias nws nqis los ntawm kev ceev heev. Thaum tus tswv xeev khiav ceev, txoj hlua khi ntawm tus tswv xeev rub lub npoo los yog cov menyuam yaus hauv cov iav kev nyab xeeb, yuam cov ntsiab lus nres tawm tsam cov lus qhia. Qhov kev sib txhuam tshwm sim hloov lub tsheb lub zog kinetic rau hauv tshav kub, coj lub tsheb mus rau qhov chaw nres tsheb.
Niaj hnub elevator tsuas yog siv xwbkev ruaj ntseg iav, uas siv braking quab yuam maj mam es tsis txhob instantaneously. Qhov no tiv thaiv qhov txaus ntshai deceleration spikes (txog li 10 g) cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom qub kev nyab xeeb tam sim ntawd. Cov kev ruaj ntseg kev ruaj ntseg ua rau txo qis qis rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 1 g (9.81 m / s²) rau cov neeg caij elevator, ua kom cov neeg nyob nyab xeeb thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev.
2.2 Hom iav kev nyab xeeb
| Hom | Braking Element | Force Application | Max Ceev |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ntug -hom (Instantaneous) | Hardened steel wedges | Caij nplooj ntoos hlav- pab tshuab | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.63 m / s (tsuas yog keeb kwm) |
| Cov menyuam eccentric (Progressive) | Eccentric rollers + springs | Caij nplooj ntoos hlav-loaded, tus kheej-energizing | Mus txog 3.0 m / s |
| Ntug - hom (Progressive) | Caij nplooj ntoos hlav- tawm tsam wedges | Hydraulic damping + springs | Mus txog 10.0 m / s |
| Ntau kab (High-ceev) | Distributed wedge array | Hydraulic los yog caij nplooj ntoos hlav | Txog li 10.0+ m/s |
2.3 Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb
TS EN 81-20 Kev tswj hwm kev nyab xeeb tag nrho nrog cov khoom ntsuas ntsuas ntawm kev nrawm nrawm thaum muaj ntawv pov thawj. Hauv thaj chaw, kev sim txhua xyoo yuav tsum tau nrog lub tsheb khoob (lossis qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov lej hauv zos) kom paub tseeb tias cov iav kev nyab xeeb tuav cov ntsia hlau thiab coj lub tsheb mus rau qhov chaw nres. Tom qab kev sim, cov ntawv qhia kev tsheb yuav tsum raug tshuaj xyuas rau qhov deformation lossis cov qhab nia ntawm cov khoom tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb, thiab cov iav kev nyab xeeb yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm thiab tshuaj xyuas kev hnav.
Cov txheej txheem xeem muaj xws li:
Txheeb xyuas tus tswv xeev kev nrawm nrawm ua ntej qhov ntsuas kev nyab xeeb iav
Khiav lub tsheb downward ntawm kev soj ntsuam ceev
Ua rau tus tswv xeev manually los yog overspeeding
Ntsuas qhov kev ncua deb thiab deceleration tus nqi
Tshawb xyuas cov lus qhia thiab cov iav kev nyab xeeb rau kev puas tsuaj
Rov pib dua cov iav kev nyab xeeb thiab xyuas qhov ua haujlwm zoo li qub
3. Tsis muaj
3.1 Muaj nuj nqi thiab kev xav tau
Buffers yog cov cuab yeej kev nyab xeeb zaum kawg, ntsia rau hauv lub qhov elevator kom cushion qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub tsheb lossis qhov hnyav yog tias nws dhau mus dhau qhov chaw nres tsheb. Buffers yuav tsum nqus lub zog kinetic ntawm lub tsheb thauj khoom tag nrho nqis los ntawm 115% ntawm qhov ntsuas nrawm, lossis qhov ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm nws qhov siab tshaj plaws tau nrawm, yam tsis ua rau qis dua 1 g.
Cov kev cai tsis haum tau teev tseg hauv EN 81-20/50 Tshooj 5.5 thiab ASME A17.1 Tshooj 2.22. Cov parameter tseem ceeb muaj xws li:
Stroke Length:Yuav tsum txaus kom nqus tau lub zog cuam tshuam. Rau lub zog tsub zuj zuj buffers, stroke feem ntau yog 65-400 hli nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas ceev. Rau lub zog dissipation buffers, stroke ranges ntawm 150-1500 mm.
Rov qab mus rau qhov chaw txuas ntxiv:Tom qab compression, qhov tsis yuav tsum rov qab mus rau nws qhov siab tag nrho hauv 120 vib nas this (lub zog dissipation hom).
Corrosion kuj:Cov khoom tsis haum rau qhov chaw ib puag ncig yuav tsum tiv thaiv corrosion los ntawm noo noo, tshuaj ntxuav, thiab roj hydraulic.
3.2 Hom Tsis
| Hom Tsis | Txoj Cai | Ceev txwv | Stroke Range | Kev tu |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caij nplooj ntoos hlav (Energy Accumulation) | Steel caij nplooj ntoos hlav compression | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 1.0 m / s | 65-210 hli | Tshawb xyuas corrosion thiab tawg |
| Polyurethane (Energy Accumulation) | Elastomeric compression | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 1.0 m / s | 80-250 hli | Hloov thaum compression teeb> 15% |
| Hydraulic (Lub zog Dissipation) | Roj yuam los ntawm orifices | Tsis txwv | 150-1500 hli | Roj theem, sealing mob, xeb |
3.3 Hydraulic Tsis Paub meej
Hydraulic buffers yuav tsum tau rau elevator taug kev siab tshaj 1.0 m / s. Lawv muaj ib lub tog raj kheej uas muaj roj hydraulic thiab lub piston uas compresses cov roj los ntawm calibrated orifices thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam. Lub orifice tsim tsim ib tug tshaj tawm- nyob ntawm damping quab yuam: siab pib ceev raws li siab tiv thaiv, thaum kawg ntawm lub stroke muab maj deceleration.
Qhov rov qab mechanism yog qhov tseem ceeb. Tom qab compression, lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav rov qab thiab ib qho - txoj kev valve tso cai rau qhov tsis tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv, npaj nws rau qhov cuam tshuam tom ntej. Yog tias qhov tsis tuaj yeem rov qab tsis pub dhau 120 vib nas this, qhov hloov pauv kev nyab xeeb (tsis hloov pauv) tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm of the elevator kom txog thaum tsis muaj qhov rov qab los.
Hydraulic tsis tu ncua muaj xws li:
Kev tshuaj xyuas peb lub hlis twg ntawm cov roj qib thiab cov dej xau
Kev sim txhua xyoo ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab rov ua haujlwm
Hloov cov roj txhua 5-7 xyoo lossis thaum kuaj pom muaj kab mob
Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm qhov tsis hloov pauv rau kev hloov kho kom raug thiab hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv
4. Kev ruaj ntseg Chain thiab Redundancy
Peb cov khoom siv kev nyab xeeb - tus tswv xeev, cov iav kev nyab xeeb, thiab cov buffers - ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib txoj hlua ruaj ntseg. Tus tswv xeev kuaj xyuas qhov ua txhaum thiab ua rau muaj kev ruaj ntseg iav, uas ntes lub tsheb. Yog tias cov iav kev nyab xeeb tsis ua haujlwm lossis qhov kev hla dhau heev, cov buffers muab kev tiv thaiv zaum kawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov elevators niaj hnub suav nrog cov hluav taws xob tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb uas tau txiav lub zog rau tus tsav thiab nres yog tias muaj cov cuab yeej kev nyab xeeb tau qhib.
Raws li EN 81-20, cov saw hlau kev nyab xeeb yuav tsum yog hardwired (tsis yog software- nyob ntawm) rau kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb, thiab lub voj voog kev nyab xeeb yuav tsum siv cov kev sib tiv tauj zoo uas tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tau rau hauv qhov chaw kaw. Qhov kev kho vajtse-theem redundancy xyuas kom meej tias txawm tias tag nrho cov kev tswj tsis ua haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem hla cov cuab yeej siv tshuab kev nyab xeeb.
