1. Cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev ua haujlwm
1.1 Traction of Elevators
Traction elevators siv cov hlua hlau los yog cov hlua khi kom tshem tawm lub tsheb thiab qhov hnyav los ntawm lub traction sheave uas tau tsav los ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog kev sib txhuam: cov hlua tuav lub grooved nto ntawm lub traction sheave, thiab raws li lub sheave rotates, cov hlua txav, tsa los yog txo lub tsheb. Lub counterweight, feem ntau sib npaug rau lub tsheb hnyav ntxiv rau 40-50% ntawm lub peev xwm ntsuas, sib npaug ntawm lub cev thiab txo qis lub cev muaj zog torque yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm.
Niaj hnub nimno traction elevators siv qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv (VVVF) tsav los tswj lub cev muaj zog thiab lub zog. Tus tsav kho AC lub zog loj rau DC, tom qab ntawd hloov nws rov qab mus rau qhov sib txawv - zaus AC, tso cai rau kev tswj ceev ceev ntawm xoom mus rau qhov ntsuas ceev nrog kev ua haujlwm siab. Regenerative drives tuaj yeem rov qab tau lub zog rau hauv daim phiaj hauv tsev thaum lub sij hawm qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob los yog deceleration, ntxiv kev txhim kho efficiency.
1.2 Hydraulic of Elevators
Hydraulic elevators ua haujlwm raws li Pascal lub hauv paus ntsiab lus: lub tshuab hluav taws xob hydraulic twj tso kua mis quab yuam roj rau hauv lub tog raj kheej, thawb lub piston uas tsa lub tsheb. Rau qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob, lub valve tswj tau tso cov roj los ntawm lub tog raj kheej rov qab mus rau lub reservoir, thiab lub tsheb poob rau hauv lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Tsis zoo li cov tshuab traction, hydraulic elevator tsis siv hlua - lub piston ncaj qha txhawb nqa lub tsheb thauj khoom.
Muaj ob lub ntsiab configurations. Hauv - qhov ( ncaj qha- ua yeeb yam) cov tshuab tso lub tog raj kheej rau hauv lub qhov borehole hauv qab lub qhov elevator, nrog lub piston txuas mus rau pem hauv ntej los txhawb lub tsheb. Qhov -tsawg tshuab siv sab- mounted telescoping pistons uas txuas nrog lub tsheb, tshem tawm qhov xav tau rau qhov tob tob. Qhov -tsawg tsim yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj cov rooj dej siab los yog bedrock nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw.
2. Kev sib piv kev ua haujlwm
| Parameter | Traction of Elevator | Hydraulic of Elevator |
|---|---|---|
| Ceev Range | 0.5 – 10+ m/s | 0.15 – 1.0 m/s |
| Taug kev siab | Unlimited (tswj: 600+ m) | Feem ntau Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 21 m (6-7 pem teb) |
| Load Capacity | 320-5, 000+ kg | Txog li 20, 000+ kg (freight tshwj xeeb) |
| Zog Efficiency | High (regenerative muaj) | Moderate (tsis muaj counterweight) |
| Caij Smoothness | Zoo heev | Zoo (roj kub cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm) |
| Tshuab Chav | Yuav tsum tau (los yog MRL xaiv) | Yuav tsum tau rau lub twj tso kua mis |
| Lub Sijhawm Txhim Kho | 2-4 lub lis piam | 1-2 lub lis piam |
| Tus nqi pib (tus qauv) | Siab dua | Tsawg rau qis -nce |
| Tus nqi kho mob | Tsawg dua - lub sij hawm | Siab dua (roj system tu) |
| Lub suab nrov | Tsawg heev (chav tshuab cais tawm) | Siab dua (tswj chav suab nrov) |
3. Kev Ntsuas Hluav Taws Xob
Kev siv hluav taws xob yog qhov uas ob lub thev naus laus zis sib txawv tshaj plaws. Traction elevators nrog counterweights yog inherently npaum vim hais tias lub cev muaj zog tsuas yog yuav tsum tau kov yeej lub imbalance ntawm lub tsheb thiab counterweight loads, ntxiv rau kev sib txhuam thiab acceleration rog. VVVF niaj hnub traction of elevator tuaj yeem ua tiav lub zog noj ntawm 0.3-0.6 kWh ib 1,000 kg-m ntawm kev thauj mus los.
Hydraulic elevator tsis muaj qhov hnyav, txhais tau hais tias lub cev muaj zog- lub twj tso kua mis yuav tsum muab tag nrho cov hydraulic siab los tsa lub tsheb tsis hais txog kev thauj khoom. Thaum lub sij hawm qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob, lub zog yog dissipated los ntawm kev tswj valve raws li cua sov es tsis zoo. Kev siv lub elevator hydraulic yog li ntawm 1.0-2.5 kWh ib 1,000 kg-m - kwv yees li 3-4 npaug siab dua qhov sib npaug.
Regenerative tsav kom zoo dua:Niaj hnub nimno regenerative traction drives tuaj yeem rov qab tau 20-40% ntawm lub zog siv thaum lub sij hawm qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob, pub nws rov qab rau hauv lub tsev hluav taws xob daim phiaj. Tshaj li 20 xyoo kev pab cuam lub neej nyob rau hauv lub tsev tsheb loj, qhov kev rov qab no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tus nqi pib nqi.
Rau cov tsev nrhiav LEED daim ntawv pov thawj lossis kev ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam nrog cov cai nruj zog, traction elevator yog nce qhov kev xaiv tsuas yog siv tau. Txawm li cas los xij, rau qis- cov tsev nce siab nrog kev siv tsawg kawg nkaus txhua hnub, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ua tau zoo yuav tsawg dhau los ua pov thawj qhov kev nqis peev ntau dua.
4. Kev teeb tsa thiab qhov chaw yuav tsum tau ua
4.1 Ncej thiab qhov xav tau
Traction elevators xav tau cov qauv nyiaj siv ua haujlwm ntau heev los txhawb chav tshuab (lossis lub tshuab siv nyiaj siv ua haujlwm hauv MRL tsim). Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus overhead dimension (qhov deb ntawm sab saum toj tsaws pem teb mus rau ncej qab nthab) yog li ntawm 3.8 meters rau txheem tshuab-chav elevator mus rau 3.2 meters rau MRL configurations. Qhov tob yog feem ntau 1.2-1.8 meters nyob ntawm qhov ceev thiab buffers.
Hydraulic elevator muaj qhov hloov pauv tau yooj yim dua qhov yuav tsum tau ua - feem ntau tsawg li 3.0 meters - vim tias chav tshuab nyob ib sab ntawm lub ncej ntau dua li saum toj no. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv - qhov hydraulic tshuab yuav tsum tau khawb qhov tob tob hauv qab lub qhov dej, uas tuaj yeem ntsib cov teeb meem xws li bedrock, dej hauv av, lossis cov khoom siv hauv av. Tus nqi drilling tuaj yeem ntxiv $ 5,000- $ 20,000 rau qhov project, nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv av.
4.2 Machine Room xav txog
Cov chav tshuab traction yuav tsum tau muab tso ncaj qha rau saum lub ncej lossis offset nyob rau hauv ib qho kev ncua deb (feem ntau 15-20 meters kab rov tav ib EN 81-20). Chav tsev yuav tsum txhawb nqa cov khoom zoo li qub thiab muaj zog ntawm lub tshuab traction, uas tuaj yeem tshaj 5,000 kg rau kev teeb tsa siab. Kev sib cais ntawm kev vibration nruab nrab ntawm chav tshuab thiab lub tsev qauv yog ib qho tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv lub suab nrov.
Hydraulic tshuab chav (chav twj tso kua mis) tuaj yeem nyob mus txog 15 meters los ntawm tus ncej thiab tsuas yog yuav tsum muaj hauv pem teb - txhawb nqa. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv yuav tsum ua kom haum rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob hydraulic, roj reservoir, thiab tswj txee, nrog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus chav tsev ntawm kwv yees li 2.5 m × 2.0 m × 2.2 m qhov siab. Kev tswj lub suab nrov thiab roj kub yuav tsum muaj qhov cua, thiab kev ntsuas roj (spill trays) yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv ntau txoj cai.
5. Tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov tswv cuab
Tus nqi tag nrho ntawm kev ua tswv cuab (TCO) dhau 25- xyoo kev pab cuam lub neej feem ntau nyiam traction elevators rau nruab nrab- nce thiab siab- nce siab, thaum lub tshuab hydraulic tuaj yeem muab TCO qis dua hauv cov xwm txheej qis qis.
| Tus Nqi Khoom (25-xyoo, 6-nres tsev) | Traction | Hydraulic |
|---|---|---|
| Cov cuab yeej pib & kev teeb tsa | $75,000 – $120,000 | $45,000 – $75,000 |
| Zog (cumulative) | $18,000 – $28,000 | $55,000 – $85,000 |
| Daim Ntawv Cog Lus Kho Kev Pabcuam thiab Kev Pabcuam | $45,000 – $65,000 | $55,000 – $80,000 |
| Kev kho mob loj (1-2 rau ib lub neej voj voog) | $12,000 – $20,000 | $15,000 – $25,000 |
| 25-Xyoo TCO (ntau ntau yam) | $150,000 – $233,000 | $170,000 – $265,000 |
Lus Cim: Tus nqi yog qhov taw qhia rau 630 kg, 6- nres cov neeg caij elevator hauv lub tsev lag luam nruab nrab. Tus nqi tiag tiag sib txawv raws cheeb tsam, cov qauv tsheb, thiab cov nqe lus cog lus rau kev pabcuam.
6. Cov lus qhia rau kev thov
Raws li cov yam ntxwv kev, cov txheej txheem xaiv cov hauv qab no siv:
Xaiv Traction rau: Buildings with more than 5-6 floors; high-speed requirements (>1.0 m/s); heavy traffic (>300 tawm mus ib hnub); lub zog- cov haujlwm tseem ceeb; daim ntawv thov yuav tsum tau regenerative drives; siab -nce vaj tse lossis lag luam yees.
Xaiv Hydraulic rau:Tsawg-cov tsev nce siab (2-4 pem teb); hnyav thauj khoom (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog asymmetric loads); retrofits qhov twg ncej headroom yog heev txwv; ib ntus lossis modular installation; nyiaj txiag-txheej tej yaam num uas tsis tshua muaj tsheb.
7. Emerging Technology: Tshuab-Room-Less (MRL) Traction
Tshuab-chav-tsawg (MRL) traction elevators sawv cev rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov thev naus laus zis, muab kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab nrawm ntawm cov tshuab traction yam tsis muaj qhov chaw nplua ntawm chav tshuab ib txwm muaj. Lub tshuab traction yog mounted nyob rau hauv lub ncej, txawm nyob rau hauv lub tsheb qhia rails los yog nyob rau hauv lub overhead qhov chaw. MRL elevators tam sim no suav txog ntau dua 60% ntawm kev teeb tsa tshiab hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab tau txais kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb.
MRL tsim yuav tsum tau ceev faj thermal tswj ntawm lub compact lub cev muaj zog thiab tsav, thiab kev saib xyuas mus rau lub tshuab yog complex dua nyob rau hauv ib txwm tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov neeg tsim khoom tsim, kev tshem tawm ntawm chav tshuab tuaj yeem rov qab tau 10-15 m² ntawm thaj chaw siv tau hauv ib lub elevator - cov cuab yeej muaj txiaj ntsig hauv nroog loj.
